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minimum of documentation and this can lead to mistakes, omissions and acceptance of poor workmanship. In North-east Lahore, the approach to drawings was to produce a range of standard details, those for sewerage covering a range of standard manhole and chamber designs, pipe bedding details and typical arrangements showing how the various components might be used with each other. Plans and sections of collector sewers were produced in the conventional way. Full details of tertiary sewers were shown on 1 in 500 plans. The location of each chamber and manhole was shown, its type was specified and its invert and cover levels were given. The length of sewer between manholes and the average gradient between chambers and manholes, to 1 in the nearest whole number, were shown alongside each sewer leg. This system removed the need to produce a section for every sewer. The chamber and manhole cover levels were used to fix the levels for the lane surfacing and were designed to ensure that surface water could always run off. (Generally, the aim was to keep surface water separate from foul water, allowing it to run for considerable distances on the lane and street surface so as to reduce the length of surface water drains required.) |
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In Faisalabad, the contracts are much smaller and are undertaken by local tradesmen. Standard details are in the process of being prepared and there will also be a need to develop some form of appropriate documentation. GHK International and WEDC are currently collaborating on an ODA-funded research project to investigate what form this documentation might take. |
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4.4
Community Involvement in Sewer Planning and Construction |
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4.4.1
Why Community Involvement? |
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There are four possible reasons for involving comunity members in sewer planning and construction: |
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to increase the rate of implementation; |
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to improve construction quality and the standard of maintenance; and |
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to develop community capacity and organization. |
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